About

Main Column

SGD's of Interest:

#4: Quality Education “Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all”

#5: Gender Equality “Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls”

For this data story, I want to explore the differences in education quality and access among countries with different economic levels and practices. To do this, I focused on 9 countries and compared their expenditure on education and inequality. The 9 countries I focused on are Luxembourg, the US, Greece, Czechia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea, Tuvalu, Somalia, and Burundi (see map). I also want to explore gender inequalities in education by looking at how the enrollment of men and women into schools differs and has changed over time.

 

The Data

All datasets came from Our World In Data, an organization that provides data and information on global issues such as poverty, hunger, climate change, inequality, etc.

Left Column

Government spending on education: this dataset includes data on government spending on all levels of education. “edu_spending_gdp” is the total annual expenditure as a percentage of the countries GDP.

entity year edu_spending_gdp
United States 1960 4.000000
United States 1993 5.500000
United States 2000 6.085649
United States 2001 6.298920
United States 2002 6.359956
United States 2003 6.328609
United States 2004 6.253762
United States 2005 6.170984
United States 2006 6.164032
United States 2007 6.243322
United States 2008 6.436084
United States 2009 6.738697
United States 2010 6.694556
United States 2011 6.497685
United States 2012 6.253889
United States 2013 6.211546
United States 2014 6.099821
United States 2015 4.930630
United States 2016 4.783280
United States 2017 5.092970
United States 2018 4.895020
United States 2019 4.957470
United States 2020 5.399980
United States 2021 5.428300
United States 2022 5.382429

Gender gap in primary, secondary and tertiary education: this dataset includes data on the enrollment divide between female and male students in different levels of education. Values including “f” are regarding the enrollment of female students and “m” are regarding the enrollment of male students, with the respective “_level-of-education” in which they are enrolled.

entity year f_tertiary m_tertiary f_primary m_primary m_lower_secondary f_lower_secondary m_upper_secondary f_upper_secondary
United States 1820 0.00000 0.90000 41.59000 41.30000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1825 0.00000 1.10000 42.94000 42.94000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1830 0.00000 1.34000 48.97000 57.60000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1835 0.00000 1.11000 55.00000 55.75000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1840 0.00000 1.06000 61.96000 57.57000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1845 0.01000 0.88000 68.92000 71.04000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1850 0.01000 0.81000 75.89000 84.24000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1855 0.02000 1.01000 88.03000 88.03000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1860 0.03000 1.22000 93.34000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1865 0.06000 1.35000 96.67000 99.45000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1870 0.09000 1.54000 100.00000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1875 0.10000 2.07000 100.00000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1880 0.12000 3.00000 100.00000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1885 0.14000 2.66000 100.00000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1890 0.15000 2.75000 100.00000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1895 0.28000 3.03000 100.00000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1900 0.34000 3.39000 100.00000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1905 0.44000 3.22000 100.00000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1910 0.83000 3.65000 100.00000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1915 1.38000 3.47000 100.00000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1920 2.58000 4.65000 100.00000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1925 3.78000 6.51000 100.00000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1930 4.97000 7.04000 99.12000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1935 4.83000 7.09000 98.24000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1940 5.58000 7.83000 97.36000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1945 7.17000 8.84000 96.13000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1950 6.75000 14.32000 100.00000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1955 8.67000 17.01000 100.00000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1960 23.80000 40.32000 95.92000 99.99000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1965 31.40000 48.96000 95.92000 95.92000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1970 41.10000 57.75000 95.92000 95.92000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1975 52.70000 61.80000 94.00000 NA NA NA NA NA
United States 1980 58.10000 53.92000 94.00000 94.00000 NA NA NA NA
United States 1985 63.09657 57.15949 NA NA NA NA NA NA
United States 1986 65.02692 57.80923 96.05148 95.28411 NA NA NA NA
United States 1987 68.45111 59.50387 96.55651 95.70741 NA NA NA NA
United States 1988 71.97593 60.71530 NA NA NA NA NA NA
United States 1989 74.48847 61.10700 NA NA NA NA NA NA
United States 1990 77.31533 62.36097 97.32455 96.72126 NA NA NA NA
United States 1991 79.05632 63.21523 96.91873 96.58514 NA NA NA NA
United States 1993 87.15613 68.29584 96.13758 95.66396 97.59025 98.17694 91.60549 91.60886
United States 1994 88.34060 68.84368 96.53114 95.19240 96.99605 98.06884 91.24175 90.35248
United States 1995 90.12692 69.25118 97.61395 96.72121 NA NA NA NA
United States 1996 89.71860 68.46222 96.32150 95.25375 NA NA NA NA
United States 1998 80.40314 61.07651 NA NA NA NA NA NA
United States 1999 81.14011 61.63200 98.38809 97.91832 NA NA NA NA
United States 2005 95.19016 66.93172 99.73112 99.15220 NA NA 89.76823 93.20051
United States 2013 103.11261 75.07691 96.85890 97.33474 98.54443 98.73594 91.72571 92.45760
United States 2014 102.59939 75.39736 98.29023 97.67179 97.02357 98.54389 92.70078 93.72501
United States 2015 102.74733 75.75902 98.08262 98.30105 NA NA 92.84577 95.05179
United States 2016 102.29380 76.06227 99.56904 99.70812 NA NA 95.32623 95.21402
United States 2017 102.01133 74.99719 NA NA NA NA 95.10166 95.32703
United States 2018 102.35404 74.89505 99.36432 99.48468 NA NA 96.26110 96.55064
United States 2019 102.42533 73.99346 99.15101 99.01869 NA NA 97.40076 95.05052
United States 2020 102.95674 72.84025 97.95659 98.03164 NA NA 97.17085 96.87672
United States 2021 101.71022 68.71127 95.83581 95.97098 NA NA 98.06092 99.61200
United States 2022 NA NA 96.21473 95.82993 98.77035 99.62453 93.45187 96.48893

Right Column

Inequality in education: this dataset includes data on the inequelity of education, measured with the Atkinson index. “ineq_edu” is this value on a scale from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating higher inequality.

entity year ineq_edu
United States 2010 0.02880760
United States 2011 0.02815700
United States 2012 0.02789430
United States 2013 0.02820190
United States 2014 0.02814420
United States 2015 0.02741850
United States 2016 0.02643040
United States 2017 0.02639150
United States 2018 0.02665070
United States 2019 0.02574290
United States 2020 0.02574880
United States 2021 0.02672346
United States 2022 0.02648709
United States 2023 0.02657272

GDP per capita: this dataset includes GDP data for all countries.

entity year gdp_pcap
United States 1990 44378.52
United States 1991 43742.03
United States 1992 44659.15
United States 1993 45286.93
United States 1994 46537.36
United States 1995 47220.96
United States 1996 48435.70
United States 1997 49984.27
United States 1998 51619.87
United States 1999 53474.05
United States 2000 55038.62
United States 2001 55017.31
United States 2002 55436.12
United States 2003 56498.21
United States 2004 58131.63
United States 2005 59604.75
United States 2006 60676.57
United States 2007 61306.60
United States 2008 60798.43
United States 2009 58714.97
United States 2010 59789.41
United States 2011 60245.48
United States 2012 61134.53
United States 2013 61958.72
United States 2014 63018.81
United States 2015 64359.47
United States 2016 65017.66
United States 2017 66155.55
United States 2018 67719.77
United States 2019 69112.60
United States 2020 67342.07
United States 2021 71307.40
United States 2022 72679.26
United States 2023 74158.72
United States 2024 75489.27

Focus Countries

I decided to focus only on a select amount of countries to reduce clutter in my displays of the data. I chose based on the ranking of every country in different categories. Tuvalu and Somalia have the highest and lowest spending on education per GDP Greece and the Democratic Republic of Congo have the highest and lowest enrollment Guinea and Czechia have the highest and lowest education inequality. And Luxembourg and Burundi have the highest and lowest GDPs. I also included the US to see where we compare as well.

Left Column

Average government expenditure on education over 10 years

entity edu_spending_gdp rank
Tuvalu 14.7755065 1
Burundi 5.5539129 36
United States 5.2188777 54
Czechia 4.6836161 80
Luxembourg 3.9038300 115
Greece 3.8983392 116
Democratic Republic of Congo 2.2604712 176
Guinea 2.2252590 177
Somalia 0.2107622 193

Average enrollment over 10 years

entity enrollment rank
Greece 104.464390 1
United States 94.378041 16
Czechia 89.679375 44
Luxembourg 77.946942 104
Tuvalu 67.977987 143
Burundi 48.168064 192
Guinea 39.765512 205
Democratic Republic of Congo 6.374523 223

Right Column

Average gender inequality (Atkinson index) over 10 years

entity ineq_edu rank
Guinea 0.49893780 1
Somalia 0.43737080 14
Burundi 0.38964185 29
Democratic Republic of Congo 0.27045794 62
Greece 0.11545790 118
Tuvalu 0.09176960 137
Luxembourg 0.07057146 153
United States 0.02663103 197
Czechia 0.01297439 210

Average GDP per capita over 10 years

entity gdp_pcap rank
Luxembourg 131989.287 1
United States 68087.130 12
Czechia 45340.132 41
Greece 32880.059 63
Tuvalu 4826.815 174
Guinea 3421.711 183
Democratic Republic of Congo 1424.408 209
Somalia 1408.886 210
Burundi 1028.949 212

Map Column

(I could only get the pink color to work)

# A tibble: 9 × 5
  latitude longitude location                     marker_color marker_size
     <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>                        <chr>              <dbl>
1    -3.37     29.9  Burundi                      deeppink              10
2    49.8      15.5  Czechia                      deeppink              10
3    -4.04     21.8  Democratic Republic of Congo deeppink              10
4    39.1      21.8  Greece                       deeppink              10
5     9.95     -9.70 Guinea                       deeppink              10
6    49.8       6.13 Luxembourg                   deeppink              10
7     5.15     46.2  Somalia                      deeppink              10
8    -7.11    178.   Tuvalu                       deeppink              10
9    38.8     -96.5  USA                          deeppink              10

Spending

As a reminder, “edu_spending_gdp” is the amount of money going towards education per amount of people in the country. And here, you can see that it is not the countries with the highest GDPs (aka. money per people in the country) putting their money towards educating those people. It is a little bit hard to see becasue some countries have more sparse data than others on spending, but Tuvalu ranks 174/212 in GDP but still allocated the highest amount of their GDP to education out of 193 countries for which there is data.

Left Column

Average GDP per capita over the past 10 years

entity gdp_pcap rank
Luxembourg 131989.287 1
United States 68087.130 12
Czechia 45340.132 41
Greece 32880.059 63
Tuvalu 4826.815 174
Guinea 3421.711 183
Democratic Republic of Congo 1424.408 209
Somalia 1408.886 210
Burundi 1028.949 212

Right Column

Average government expenditure on education over the past 10 years

entity edu_spending_gdp rank
Tuvalu 14.7755065 1
Burundi 5.5539129 36
United States 5.2188777 54
Czechia 4.6836161 80
Luxembourg 3.9038300 115
Greece 3.8983392 116
Democratic Republic of Congo 2.2604712 176
Guinea 2.2252590 177
Somalia 0.2107622 193

Inequality

Here, you can see how the relationship between GDP and inequality are mostly inverse among all countries included. The Atkinson index typically takes into account income, wealth, or possibly life expectancy when measuring inequality. So it is no surprise that the countries with fewer financial means are facing more inequality and challenges in education.

Left Column

entity gdp_pcap rank
Luxembourg 131989.287 1
United States 68087.130 12
Czechia 45340.132 41
Greece 32880.059 63
Tuvalu 4826.815 174
Guinea 3421.711 183
Democratic Republic of Congo 1424.408 209
Somalia 1408.886 210
Burundi 1028.949 212

Right Column

entity ineq_edu rank
Guinea 0.49893780 1
Somalia 0.43737080 14
Burundi 0.38964185 29
Democratic Republic of Congo 0.27045794 62
Greece 0.11545790 118
Tuvalu 0.09176960 137
Luxembourg 0.07057146 153
United States 0.02663103 197
Czechia 0.01297439 210

Gender Edu

Finally, I was exploring the differences in enrollment between girls and boys. I was having a hard time figuring out how to display the data in this dataset. Because there is discrepancy in the enrollment among girls and boys. Male enrollments in higher in all levels of education except for tertiary since the year 2000…

Right Column

Left Column

Sources

  1. Children from the poorest households benefit the least from national public education funding

  2. Closing the Gap: Girls’ Education and Women’s Labor

  3. Investing in Quality Education for Economic Development, Peace, and Stability

  4. More young women than men have college degrees

  5. New UNESCO Report shows extent of global inequalities in education and calls for greater inclusion as schools re-open